A concise guide to industrial polymers, third edition introduces engineers and scientists to a range of reactive polymers and then details their applications and performance benefits. Since most polymer pairs are immiscible and form multiphase blend morphologies 1, 2, the majority of blend research has focused on the development of compatibilization techniques. Reactive processing of polymer blend using reactive. Full text of functional monomers grafted polyolefins and their applications in the compatibilization of polymer blends.
A, university of rhode island, 2004 submitted to the graduate faculty of swanson school of engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the. There are different methods like adding block and graft copolymers, reactive polymers to form block and graft copolymers. Reactive compatibilization of polylactic acidpolystyrene blends and its application to preparation of hierarchically porous polylactic acid. Reactive compatibilization of blends containing liquid. A significant improvement in optical transparency over the otherwise opaque nature of the uncompatibilized blends confirms the compatibilization of pc and pmma in the blends.
Reactive compatibilization of polymer blends by coupling agents and. Compatibilization through elongational flow processing. Reactive compatibilization cum impact modification applied to virgin polymer and waste on free shipping on qualified orders. The results presented in this thesis suggest that the process of reactive compatibilization provides a mechanism by which blocky copolymeric compatibilizers can be fo rmed during processing, as demonstrated by the. Reactive compatibilization of polymer blends by coupling. This immiscibility goes along with phase separation leading to weak mechanical properties. Micellization of in situ formed graft copolymers during reactive blending is commonly observed. Buy compatibilization of complex polymeric systems.
As described in chapter 2 of this handbook, from the thermodynamic point of view there are two basic types of polymer blends. Abstract blending of immiscible polymers offers attractive opportunities for developing new materials with useful combinations of properties. Strategies for compatibilization of polymer blends. First is the compatibilization of polymer blends through copolymer formation by addition of low molecular weight reactive compounds such as bis 2oxazolines, various organic peroxide and coagent. Diblock compatibilizers vs crosslinked reactive compatibilizers candice l. Handbook of telechelic polyesters, polycarbonates, and. Transparent pcpmma blends via reactive compatibilization. This graft copolymer, formed in situ during the reactive extrusion process, compatibilizes the pc and pmma phases. Thermoplastic polymer blends containing normally incompatible polymers prepared by incorporating into one polymer repeating units containing pendant cyclic iminoether groups to form a first reactive polymer and another reactive polymer having coreactive groups to form a second reactive polymer which is capable of reacting with said first reactive polymer to form linkages between the polymers. Those shortcomings make reactive compatibilization an alternative and more practical way to produce useful polymer blends. Pla and starch chang lim junjournal of polymers and the environment compatibilization in biobased and biodegradable polymer blends european polymer journal b. Three routes to reactive compatibilization are considered, namely, the use of suitably functionalized blend constituents, the incorporation of polymeric compatibilizers. Here we consider the case where both reactive chains are multifunctional, leading to a crosslinked copolymer at the interface. Special issue polymer blends and compatibilization book cover image.
Cangianob adepartment of chemical engineering and polymer science program, university of connecticut, storrs, ct 0626936, usa bhoechst research, summit, nj 07901, usa received 21 february 1999. Evidence for in situ graft copolymer formation and. Reactive compatibilization reactive compatibilization is a procedure in which immiscible polymer blends are compatibilized by creating copolymers in the solution or melt state. Reactive compatibilization of polymer blends springerlink. Download citation reactive compatibilization of polymer blends an increasing number of commercial polymer products is derived from blending two or more. Reactive compatibilization of polymer blends researchgate. Velankara department of chemical engineering, university of pittsburgh, pittsburgh, pennsylvania 15261 received 20 february 2008. He has edited 5 books, published 1 monograph and over 220 journal papers, many book chapters and encyclopedia articles. Reactive processing of polymer blend using reactive compatibilization and dynamic. An additional advantage of polymer blends is that a wide range of material properties is within reach. Compatibilization of polymer blends 1st edition elsevier. The vast majority of polymer pairs are immiscible with one another. Reactive blending with immiscible functional polymers.
Therefore, an appropriate compatibilization of polymer blends is required to overcome this drawback. Download citation reactive compatibilization of polymer blends an increasing number of commercial polymer products is derived from blending two or more polymers to achieve a favorable balance. Generally, compatibilization is required to restore the mechanical properties of immiscible polymer blends. The in situ compatibilization performance of this onestep reactive extrusion process was comparable with that of a classical twostep process. Formation of interfacial janus nanomicelles by reactive. Distinguishing among blends, alloys and other types of combinations, clarifying terminology and presenting data on new processes and materials, this work present uptodate and effective compounding techniques for polymers. Reactive compatibilization of polyketoneethyleneoctene. Reactive compatibilization of polypropylenepolyethylene. In situ compatibilization of polypropylene and poly.
For example, a third component which is miscible with both phases or a. Pp and pet are strongly immiscible and require interfacial modification to obtain good emulsification and to increase the solidstate adhesion between the two polymer phases. Compatibilization in biobased and biodegradable polymer. Reactive coupling agents can be simply added into polymer blends during melt processing. Reactive compatibilization is the process of modifying a mixed immiscible blend of polymers to arrest phase separation and allow for the formation of a stable. This chapter presents the compatibilization of polymer blends by means of reactive coupling agents, which can be considered as one of the most industrially viable solutions. Micro and nano scale phase morphologies, interphase characterization and properties offers a comprehensive approach to the use of compatibilizers in polymer blends, examining both fundamental and advanced knowledge in the field.
Handbook of telechelic polyesters, polycarbonates, and polyethers ebook written by sophie m. The book begins by introducing polymer blends, describing thermodynamics. Reactive compatibilizers are usually used to enhance the compatibility of immiscible polymer blends. Full text of functional monomers grafted polyolefins and. Read strategies for compatibilization of polymer blends, progress in polymer science on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at. This first comprehensive overview of reactive extrusion technology for over a decade combines the views of contributors from both academia and industry who share their experiences and highlight possible applications and markets. An increasing number of commercial polymer products is derived from blending two or more polymers to achieve a favorable balance of physical properties. So the financial risk inherent to the development of new materials is limited in case of polymer blends.
Reactive compatibilization of plapa11 blends and their. Designing new polymer blends or improving the properties of immiscible polymer blends by compatibilization is very challenging but a good way to scoop the full potential of polymers for applications and needs. An effective compatibilizer can be produced in situ by the reaction between coreactive functional groups in the blend constituents during blending process. It offers extensive analyses on the challenging questions that surround miscibility, compatibility, dynamic processing, interactionphase behaviour, and computer. Compatibilizing polymer blends using reactive telechelic. Novel reactive compatibilization strategy on immiscible. Reactive compatibilization, potentially presents a simple and costefficient route to the morphology control in immiscible blends, which may be achieved through various types of functional group interactions. Compatibilization is done either by addition of a compatibilizer or by reactive blending 14. Efficient compatibilization could lead to valueadded materials from these two polymers. The compatibilizers formed from the interfacial coupling of two types of reactive chains often have a graft copolymer architecture. The objective of polymer blending is a practical one of achieving commercially viable products through either unique properties or lower cost than some.
Reactive compatibilization of polymer blends of poly. The high interfacial tension causing this can be reduced by compatibilization of polymer blends. Reactively compatibilized starchbased renewable polymer blends by candice l. There are only few commercially important polymer blends based on miscible. Reactive compatibilization of polymer blends by coupling agents. Copolymers are formed when the proper functional groups in each component of the immiscible blend interact in the compatibilization process. The reactive compatibilization of polyketone pk and maleic anhydride magrafted ethyleneoctane rubber meor blends by addition of 1,10diaminodecane da was studied. Baker, comparison of the effectiveness of different basic functional groups for the reactive compatibilization of polymer blends, polymer, 1993, 34, 4680 4687 crossref cas.
The book begins by introducing polymer blends, describing thermodynamics, miscibility. Polymer blends are physical mixtures of two or more polymers withwithout any chemical bonding between them. Us4590241a polymer blends compatibilized with reactive. However, reactive linear compatibilizers containing reactive groups on the main chains form graft copolymers during reactive blending, and such graft copolymers with an asymmetric molecular structure are often pulled in or pulled out under mechanical shear. Basic principles and industrial processes are described for each class of reactive resin thermoset, as well as additives, the curing process, applications and uses. The effect of different catalysts on reactive compatibilization of 5050 polycarbonate pcpolymethylmethacrylate pmma blends achieved via transesterification that occurs during compounding in a twinscrew extruder was investigated on a phenomenological optical and mechanical properties, mesoscopic phase morphology, and molecular level pcgraftgpmmacopolymer. Numerous studies have been carried out to minimize the formation of micelles and enhance emulsification efficiency. Reactive compatibilization is commonly used when blending immiscible homopolymers. Part of the nato science series book series naii, volume 175. Effects of blending sequences and molecular structures of.
Reactive compatibilization of polypropylene and polyamide. The trend dearly shows that reactive compatibilization has become the mainstream in compatibilizing incompatible polymer pairs during the last few years 6. Polymer blending usually takes place in processing machines, such as twinscrew extruders, which are considered standard industrial equipment. Among all compatibilization methods listed in this book. They are classified into six major categories according to the types of reactive groups they have, namely, maleic anhydride, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid derivatives, primary and secondary amines, hydroxyl and epoxide, and reactive groups capable of ionic bonding. On the other hand, in situ formation of a copolymer during reactive blending has been found to be a more practical and a more efficient strategy for polymer blend compatibilization majumdar and. The book begins by introducing polymer blends, describing. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read handbook of telechelic polyesters, polycarbonates, and polyethers.
To the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic study in the literature reporting similar conclusions, thus indicating that a novel result was found. Compatibilization of polymer blends by reactive processing. Reactive compatibilization, addition of multifunctional copolymers, and addition of block or graft copolymers have been proved to be some of the most promising techniques for this purpose. Summary polymer blending is an important method to prepare polymer materials with high performances. Most critical step in the production of polymer blends meltingmixing monitoring of morphology and compositions of polymer blends future development in polymer blends compounding manufacturing of polymer blends using polymeric and low molecular weight reactive compatibilizers introduction reactive blending and compatibilization mixing. In this paper, the mechanical aspects of reactive processing compatibilization of compounding of fiber forming polymer blends have been highlighted. S almalaika there is considerable interest within the polymer industry in developing methods to modify existing polymer systems to achieve improvements in their functional or engineering properties. The development of useful polymer blends has been the subject of intense investigation in recent years, as a result of their growing commercial importance. Compatibilization of polymer blends research and markets. Reactive polymers for blend compatibilization liu 1992. There are different methods like adding block and graft copolymers, reactive polymers. Blends containing different joncryl contents from 0. Effects of da were evaluated through the fourier transform infrared ftir spectroscopy, melt flow index mfi, morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties.
Reference polymer blends and composites from renewable resources long yua,b, katherine deana, lin lib reactive blending of biodegradable polymers. The mechanism of a reactive compatibilization system is relatively more complex than the. Isayev is a distinguished professor of polymer engineering at the university of akron. Herein, we investigated the formation of interfacial janus nanomicelles jnms and their compatibilization effects on immiscible polymer blends when reactive graft copolymers. This special issue should be the source of information on all recent aspects of polymer blend technology. There are different methods to achieve this, such as adding block and graft copolymers, reactive polymers to form block and graft copolymers, nanoparticles or organic molecules. Morphology and rheology of compatibilized polymer blends. The compatibilization of polymer blends via reactive compatibilization and block copolymers was studied. In this latter case, the first extrusion step was to functionalize the pp with gma, and the second one being the interfacial reaction between the functionalized pp. Reactive compatibilization of blends containing liquid crystalline polymers h. In order to tailor properties for specific applications, the compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends is of paramount importance. The majority of polymer blends containing elastomeric, thermoplastic, andor liquid crystalline polymers are processed by melt extrusion. The book begins by introducing polymer blends, describing thermodynamics, miscibility, and phase separation, and.
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